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La politica delle coalizioni per la sinistra italiana

Nicolò Bellanca* - 07 Aprile 2009

La politica delle coalizioni è, suggerisce Cristiano Antonelli[1], uno strumento decisivo per una strategia non subalterna della sinistra italiana. Nel secondo dopoguerra, egli sostiene, abbiamo avuto due elaborazioni volte a rivendicare un ruolo di governo per le forze progressiste. La prima ha avuto, durante gli anni sessanta, nella Rivista Trimestrale di Claudio Napoleoni e Franco Rodano la sua maggiore sede di analisi. Essa argomentava che i ceti improduttivi distorcevano a proprio favore la distribuzione delle risorse, indebolendo la crescita nazionale. Quali percettori di rendite, tali ceti si annidavano specialmente nei settori, come quello immobiliare e quello del commercio, non esposti alla concorrenza del mercato comune europeo. Ciò, elevando i prezzi interni, riduceva il potere d’acquisto delle masse dei salariati, spingendoli a chiedere elevamenti retributivi che abbassavano l’efficienza delle imprese esportatrici. Rompere questa spirale viziosa era una formidabile opportunità per rilanciare la modernizzazione del paese: in nome della lotta alle rendite, un’alleanza tra il proletariato e la borghesia industriale avrebbe aumentato i salari in corrispondenza agli incrementi della produttività; l’accresciuta domanda solvibile avrebbe, a sua volta, favorito l’espansione dell’offerta industriale, con un’ulteriore innalzamento dell’efficienza.

La seconda elaborazione si colloca negli anni ottanta. È il modello dell’alleanza dei ceti produttivi, che si realizza nelle regioni dell’Italia centrale e che viene teorizzato soprattutto (anche se Antonelli non li cita) da Giacomo Becattini e Sebastiano Brusco. Stavolta la coalizione di interessi non si forma in negativo, ossia contro i rentiers: essa nasce per progettare il futuro e valorizzare gli agenti eterogenei che animano i distretti industriali. Artigiani, ex mezzadri, microimprenditori, salariati, s’impegnano lungo un processo di innovazione che è socio-istituzionale prima ancora che economico. Consapevoli che è terminata la lunga rincorsa basata sulle opportunità fornite dal ritardo tecnologico italiano, e che occorre realizzare forme di efficienza dinamica, questi ceti ricercano tra loro, con la regia politica della sinistra locale, una complementarità ex-post, la quale, a differenza di quella ex-ante del primo schema, non esiste già nelle circostanze date, ma va inventata e costruita.

Qui giungiamo agli snodi cruciali dell’interpretazione di Antonelli. «La sinistra a livello nazionale non seppe raccogliere e forse comprendere le potenzialità e la carica innovativa che si era sedimentata nella pratica locale. Di fatto quell’esperienza non seppe uscire dal suo ambito regionale. […] La crescita del Nord-Est avvenne senza che la sinistra potesse contribuire. [Nelle] regioni meridionali, il mito della grande fabbrica nelle industrie di base ad elevata intensità capitalistica prese drammaticamente il sopravvento» (pp.12-13). Dagli anni novanta, inoltre, sopraggiunge l’economia dei servizi e della conoscenza. La sinistra non coglie il cambiamento strutturale, leggendolo anzi sul solo versante della contrazione della base manifatturiera e della diminuzione dell’intensità capitalistica della produzione. In particolare, le sfugge la dinamica di un mercato del lavoro che si bipolarizza tra nuove categorie professionali che emergono e vecchie che vedono contrarsi prospettive occupazionali e retributive. Tra le vecchie, accanto agli operai, stanno ampie fette dei ceti medi, che restano estranee alle nuove forme di generazione della ricchezza e che subiscono spesso una mobilità sociale discendente. D’altra parte, alla sinistra sfugge che il paese riesce, pur tra gravi disuguaglianze, a cavalcare il mutamento, continuando a creare ricchezza e innovazione. Rischia così di consumarsi una sorta di vendetta storica: la sinistra che mezzo secolo fa lottava contro le rendite, organizza oggi una coalizione in difesa di rendite e posizioni acquisite, nei servizi pubblici così come nell’industria sindacalizzata.

Bisogna progettare, conclude Antonelli, la formazione di una coalizione per la crescita, che si proponga di: a) sostenere la parte del lavoro dipendente travolta dal cambiamento strutturale; b) valorizzare i nuovi ceti produttivi imperniati sulle professioni liberali e su microimprese di servizi avanzati; c) promuovere l’accumulazione del capitale umano capace di innovare; d) organizzare il territorio come fattore produttivo e bene di consumo finale.

Sulle stimolanti tesi di Antonelli vorrei avanzare quattro riflessioni, che vogliono provare a intendere meglio sotto quali condizioni effettive la sua politica delle coalizioni potrebbe avviarsi.

La Fondazione Symbola, per la promozione delle eccellenze italiane nel mondo, ha sintetizzato con piglio giornalistico i termini della nostra situazione. In Italia si contrapporrebbero 4A buone a 4D cattive. Le forze positive sarebbero i settori che trainano l’export dell’economia (nella quota mondiale delle esportazioni, l’Italia è, tra i paesi europei, seconda solo alla Germania): Abbigliamento-moda, Arredo-casa, Alimentari-vini e Automazione meccanica. Le forze malvagie sarebbero i pesi che rallentano la crescita: Debito pubblico (il terzo dopo quello di Giappone e Stati Uniti), Deficit energetico (tra il 2001 e il 2006 la bolletta energetica italiana è salita da 18,8 a 50 miliardi di euro), Divario nord-sud (il sud ha il 35% della popolazione, ma solo l’8% di export) e Differenziale fiscale (l’incidenza delle tasse sul PIL è tra le più elevate). Se potessimo davvero dividere con nettezza i buoni dai cattivi, creare e attuare una politica delle coalizioni sarebbe un gioco da bambini. Ma la diagnosi di Antonelli – secondo cui i massimi mali italiani sono l’inefficienza delle amministrazioni pubbliche e il tessuto produttivo chiuso all’innovazione, agli investimenti esteri e alle nuove generazioni – è seria e quindi solleva difficoltà. Essa, se coerentemente perseguita, richiederebbe anzitutto interventi di modernizzazione degli enti pubblici e del sistema delle relazioni industriali. Il che comporterebbe che il ceto politico dei partiti e dei sindacati della sinistra dovrebbe tagliare i ponti con (parte almeno de)i gruppi sociali e (de)i quadri istituzionali che, come rileva lo stesso Antonelli, ne supportano l’esistenza. Ciò talvolta succede in situazioni traumatiche che facilitano l’affiorare di nuove leadership. Ma è arduo immaginare quale livello di trauma occorrerebbe, considerando che nemmeno la sparizione dal parlamento della sinistra più radicale, o la sequenza di sconfitte del neonato Partito democratico, sono finora riuscite a provocare significativi rinnovamenti del ceto politico dirigente.

In secondo luogo, la sua diagnosi comporterebbe drastiche misure di riorganizzazione del capitalismo italiano, nel quale «le grandi imprese non sono ancora riuscite a darsi una forma di governo societario realmente diverso da quello familiare» (Ugo Pagano, “Mercato, confronto di sistemi capitalistici”) e le imprese distrettuali appaiono sovente inadeguate a fronteggiare le più recenti traiettorie di cambiamento (si veda Gabi Dei Ottati, “Distretti industriali italiani e doppia sfida cinese”, in corso di stampa su QA Rivista dell’Associazione Rossi-Doria). Qui la domanda diventa: è possibile formare un’alleanza tra distretti e grandi aziende innovatrici contro distretti e grandi aziende che si limitano a sopravvivere? Va rimarcato che siamo su un terreno diverso dai casi storici menzionati. Negli anni 1960 i ceti produttivi lottavano contro i redditieri, negli anni 1980 alcuni sistemi economici locali si autorganizzavano; adesso avremmo invece che imprese o distretti simili tra loro per molti decisivi aspetti dovrebbero scontrarsi per differenziare le rispettive traiettorie evolutive. Ma un “capitalismo contro se stesso” è poco credibile, per le medesime ragioni per cui (al punto precedente) possiamo poco confidare in un “ceto politico di sinistra contro se stesso”.

In terzo luogo, Antonelli evoca la nozione di egemonia che, in Gramsci e dopo, indica la ricerca di consenso tra gruppi sociali mediante una leadership intellettuale e morale. Ciò, tuttavia, non può sempre ottenersi tramite un rawlsiano “consenso per intersezione”; al contrario appare plausibile, lungo la linea argomentativa svolta, che una riforma delle amministrazioni pubbliche e della governance del capitalismo nostrano possano realizzarsi con strategie che, proprio al fine di innescare nuove alleanze, inizino separando/opponendo certi gruppi da/ad altri.

Infine, la leadership intellettuale e morale non si improvvisa. La nostra società civile ha idee e persone all’altezza del compito. Ma le idee vanno valorizzate, le persone incentivate a “scendere in campo”, ed entrambe, idee e persone, vanno messe nella condizione di avere impatto. Il modo migliore per riuscirvi sta, a mio avviso, nel “rompere le righe”: nell’opporre conflittualmente certe strategie ad altre, certi gruppi ad altri. Come ci ha spiegato Albert Hirschman, sia i mercati che la democrazia hanno quali pilastri i conflitti, che svolgono insostituibili funzioni costruttive e trasformative. Nell’Italia odierna, essere riformisti/progressisti equivale ad essere conflittualisti.

  

*Professore associato di Economia applicata nell’Università di Firenze.

 

[1] Cristiano Antonelli, “La politica economica delle coalizioni per progettare il futuro e guidare la crescita”.

1 Commenti


  1. Saverio scrive:

    Voglio innanzitutto fare i complimenti al sito: finora non ho trovato un solo intervento fuori luogo o astrattamente teorico.
    L’articolo di Bellanca mi ha incuriosito, per cui sono andato a leggermi il lavoro di Antonelli, anch’esso molto stimolante.
    Per quanto le critiche siano fondate però il lavoro di Antonelli andrebbe approfondito e contestualizzato: lavoro in una istituzione (una Camera di Commercio) che di promozione di “coalizioni” dovrebbe fare la sua missione prioritaria.
    Mi piacerebbe che approfondiste il tema, affrontando casi attuali, o con proposte operative, così come mi piacerebbe che alcune affermazioni non rimangano sul vago, tipo: che cos’è la rendita oggi, dove si nasconde, chi sono i rentiers, perchè e come si combattono ecc. o che si sviluppino argomentazioni di politica economica “micro”, che ciè possano essere applicate anche senza l’intervento della politica nazionale o regionale

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